Includes outlines, self-grading quizzes, vocabulary, and unit notes on United States and European history. Get information, facts, and pictures about Sudan at Encyclopedia.com. Make research projects and school reports about Sudan easy with credible articles from our FREE. Sudan facts, information, pictures . Movable Muslim religious holidays include the 1st of Muharram (Muslim New Year), 'Id al- Fitr, 'Id al- 'Adha', and Milad an- Nabi. TIME: 2 pm = noon GMT. Situated in northeast Africa, Sudan is the largest country on the continent, covering an area of 2,5. Comparatively, the area occupied by Sudan is slightly more than one- quarter the size of the United States. It is bounded on the n by Egypt, on the ne by the Red Sea, on the e by Eritrea and Ethiopia, on the s by Kenya, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC), on the w by the Central African Republic and Chad, and on the nw by Libya. The Anglo- Egyptian Agreement of 1. January 1. 89. 9 established the parallel of 2. In 1. 90. 2, however, a special administrative boundary was delineated between the Nile and the Red Sea, in order to facilitate the administration of nomadic tribes and to maintain the continuity of certain tribal areas in the border region. In 2. 00. 1, the countries agreed to discuss the creation of an . The Egypt- Sudan boundary west of the Nile runs 8. Nile, the international boundary is 3. Including this administrative line, Sudan's total boundary length is 8,5. Sudan's capital city, Khartoum, is located in the northeast central part of the country. The Texarkana Gazette is the premier source for local news and sports in Texarkana and the surrounding Arklatex areas. The greatest part of Sudan is a vast plain traversed by the northward- flowing Nile River and its tributaries. Widely separated mountain chains and many hilly areas often reach altitudes of more than 2,0. The highest elevation is at Mount Kinyeti 3. Uganda. The northern area is mainly desert, including the Nubian Desert, with rock at or near the surface covered by thin soils of low fertility. The western undulating sandy wastes merge into the Red Sea Hills to the east. Regions of swampland lie in the south. The dominating geographic feature is the Nile River, formed near Khartoum by the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile rivers. There are natural harbors at Port Sudan (Bur Sudan) and Suakin on the Red Sea. In the northern plains and desert region, average temperatures range from 3. In the central and southern regions, average temperatures are 2. Rainfall decreases from south to north, the annual average varying from 1. July to September. Climatic hazards—sandstorms in the northern deserts and flooding rains in the central belt—often interfere with railroad traffic. The most temperate climate occurs in the Red Sea Hills. The acacia desert shrub and acacia short- grass shrub grow in the northern desert and the grasslands of the west. The broad- leafed tropical woodland and forest region is for the most part in the southwest, where areas of luxuriant growth and closed forests are found; grass covers much of the steppe area of the southeast. Date palms line the banks of the Nile. Wildlife includes most of the mammals, birds, and reptiles common to central Africa. Many varieties of fish are found in the rivers and in the coastal waters of the Red Sea. As of 2. 00. 2, there were at least 2. A shortage of potable water inhibits agriculture, animal husbandry, and human settlement in much of Sudan. Sudan has 3. 0 cu km of renewable water resources, of which 9. Serious health problems are caused by diseases carried in the water supply; Only about 6. The water on the nation's coasts is also polluted by industrial by- products, oil, and sewage. Sudan's cities produce about 1. The nation's agricultural land is threatened by the advance of the desert. Government agencies vested with environmental responsibilities include the National Committee for Environment (within the National Council for Research) and the ministries of agriculture, natural resources, irrigation, energy, and health. Due to uncontrolled hunting, the nation's wildlife is threatened. In 2. 00. 3, about 5. Dinder National Park, which is listed as a Ramsar wetland site. According to a 2. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), the number of threatened species included 1. Threatened species included the waldrapp, northern white rhinoceros, Tora hartebeest, slender- horned gazelle, and hawksbill turtle. The Sahara oryx has become extinct in the wild. The population of Sudan in 2. United Nations (UN) at 4. The country has conducted four censuses of population since 1. As of 2. 00. 6, plans for the fifth census were delayed due to the ongoing civil unrest. In 2. 00. 5, approximately 2% of the population was over 6. There were 1. 01 males for every 1. According to the UN, the annual population rate of change for 2. The projected population for the year 2. The population density was 1. The UN estimated that 3. The capital city, Khartoum, had a population of 4,2. Other major cities include Port Sudan (the only modern seaport), Wad Madan. Although their remittances were significant for the Sudanese economy, the absence of these workers, many of them skilled, constituted a . Perhaps 2. 00,0. 00 were expelled from Persian Gulf countries in 1. Sudan supported Iraq in the Gulf war. As a result of the Sudanese government fighting the Sudanese People's Liberation Army in the south, there were still 2. Sudanese refugees in Uganda, 1. DROC, 7. 8,0. 00 in Ethiopia, 2. Kenya, and 2. 7,0. Central African Republic in June 1. Since the 1. 97. 0s, the Sudanese government has welcomed refugees as a result of war or famine. As a result of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) repatriation programs, 2. Eritreans and 6. 2,0. Ethiopians were sent home in 1. The total number of migrants in 2. In 2. 00. 4 Sudan experienced a political and humanitarian crisis; a severe drought coupled with genocide in Darfur as the government supported Arab militias against Black Sudanese. Over 5. 0,0. 00 people died and 1. Black Sudanese were displaced. The UN labeled Sudan the . At the end of 2. 00. Sudan was hosting 1. Eritrea, Ethiopia, Chad, and Uganda. In that same year there were 4,2. However, there were also 6. West Darfur, and another 3. Eritrean refugees in Sudan. In 2. 00. 5, the net migration rate was an estimated - 8. Worker remittances in 2. Indigenous Sudanese include Nilotic or Negroid peoples, of whom the Dinka form the largest portion, and constitute about 5. Arabs account for an estimated 3. Beja for 6%. In all, there are nearly 6. Foreigners constitute 2% of the total populace; other groups another 1%. Arabic, the official language, is the mother tongue of about half the population. Besides standard Arabic, Nubian and Ta Bedawie are also commonly spoken. English is used widely, in many cases serving as a lingua franca among the southern tribes. In all, more than 4. Nilotic, Nilo- Hamitic, and Sudanic languages are spoken. The state religion is Islam, whose adherents, primarily Sunni, account for about 6. As an important transit station for Mecca- bound African pilgrims, Sudan remains intimately linked with the Islamic world. Among the Muslims, religious brotherhoods (tarigat) play an important role in sectarian and communal life. The two most popular brotherhoods are the Ansar, which is closely associated with the Umma Party, and the Khatimia, which is associated with the Democratic Unionist Party. About 2. 5% of the population are practitioners of traditional indigenous religions. About 1. 0% of the population are Christians, particularly in the south, where Christianity is reported to be growing rapidly. Most of the Christian community are professed. Roman Catholics. Greek Orthodox, Coptic, and Anglican Christians are found in small numbers in towns. There is reported evidence, however, that many Christians continue to practice elements of traditional indigenous religions. The 1. 97. 3 constitution guaranteed unrestricted freedom of religion, but Islam was cited as the official religion. Christian mission schools in the south were nationalized in 1. At present, religious organizations are subject to the 1. Societies Registration Act, which replaced the controversial 1. Missionary Societies Act. Theoretically, it allows churches to engage in a wider range of activities; however, churches are subject to the same restrictions placed on nonreligious corporations. Religious groups must be registered and approved in order to be recognized or gather legally. The civil war that resumed in 1. The government is dominated by northern Muslims while southern rebel groups are mostly Christians and traditionalists. The government. which claims Islam as the state religion, supports adherence to Shariah (Islamic) law and has declared a jihad, or holy war, against the rebel factions. The primarily Christian rebel group, the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) supports a secular government, but seems willing to allow Shariah law in the northern states. The government and Muslim majority continue to discriminate against and persecute non- Muslims. Many non- Muslims have been fired from jobs in civil service and non- Muslim business owners are often harassed and discriminated against in matters of government contracts and trade licenses. Students of Christian schools are often kept from completing their compulsory military service, which is required in order to move on to the university. Many Muslim employers do not allow Christian employees time off to attend Sunday worship services. Throughout the civil war, several non- Muslim women and children have been captured by Muslims, sold into slavery and forced to convert to Islam. Conversion from Islam to any other religion is punishable by death. With the exception of a few interurban bus lines and taxi systems, all land, sea, river, and air transportation facilities are owned by the state. As of 2. 00. 4, the country's 5,9. Sudan. The principal terminals are: Khartoum and Port Sudan in the east; Wadi Halfa' in the north (on the Egyptian border); Al Ubayyid in the center of the country; Nyala in the west; and Waw in the south. A major road (1,1. Port Sudan with Khartoum was completed in 1. In 2. 00. 2, the overall road system totaled 1. As of 2. 00. 3, there were 3. Sudan, as of 2. 00. Blue and While Nile rivers are open year round. Free notes, outlines, essays and practice quizzes. It had been over a year since we made any updates to the user generated content section of Course Notes, so we thought it deserved a little TLC. We created the ability for users to share their notes with the Course Notes community back in 2. Since then, users have uploaded thousands of their notes, outlines, essays, DBQs, and other study materials. These contributions have been invaluable for new AP students looking for chapter outlines for the most recent edition of their textbook, old DBQs to practice from, etc.
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